Kazakhstan, the world’s ninth-largest country, is often described as a land of contrasts—vast steppes stretching endlessly, futuristic cities rising from the plains, and mountain ranges that hide pristine lakes and forests. For travelers, this Central Asian gem offers much more than just wide landscapes. Its cities are cultural hubs, historical crossroads, and gateways to adventure.
If you’re ready to explore, here’s a complete travel guide to the top 10 cities in Kazakhstan that deserve a spot on your bucket list.
1. Almaty – The Cultural Capital
Almaty, once the capital, remains Kazakhstan’s cultural and economic heart. Nestled against the backdrop of the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains, it’s a city where leafy boulevards, Soviet architecture, and modern skyscrapers blend seamlessly.
Highlights:
Kok Tobe Hill, offering panoramic views of the city and mountains.
Zenkov Cathedral, a colorful wooden Orthodox church built without nails.
Green Bazaar, perfect for sampling local fruits, spices, and sweets.
Big Almaty Lake, a turquoise gem just a short drive from the city.
Medeu Ice Rink, one of the highest-altitude skating rinks in the world.
2. Nur-Sultan (Astana) – The Futuristic Capital
Renamed multiple times, Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana) is the current capital and a showcase of Kazakhstan’s ambitious modern identity. Its skyline is filled with futuristic architecture and monuments that reflect the country’s bold vision.
Highlights:
Baiterek Tower, symbolizes a Kazakh legend about the tree of life.
Khan Shatyr, a giant tent-shaped shopping and entertainment center.
Hazrat Sultan Mosque, the largest mosque in Central Asia.
Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, a striking glass pyramid designed for global dialogue.
Nur Alem Pavilion, a spherical building from Expo 2017 dedicated to future energy.
3. Shymkent – The Southern Hub
Shymkent is Kazakhstan’s third-largest city and a vibrant center in the south. Known for its bustling bazaars and proximity to historic Silk Road sites, it’s a lively mix of tradition and modernity.
Highlights:
Shymkent Zoo and Central Park, popular with families.
Arbat Street, a pedestrian-friendly area filled with art and cafes.
Nearby Turkestan, home to the UNESCO-listed Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi.
Local bazaars, offering everything from spices to handmade crafts.
Warm hospitality, with a reputation as one of Kazakhstan’s friendliest cities.
4. Turkestan – The Spiritual Center
Turkestan holds a special place in Kazakhstan’s history and identity. As one of Central Asia’s most important spiritual and cultural hubs, it attracts pilgrims and history lovers alike.
Highlights:
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, a masterpiece of Timurid architecture.
Historical Center of Turkestan, recently been revitalized with cultural sites.
Arystan Bab Mausoleum, a revered Sufi site nearby.
Caravanserai Complex, built to recreate Silk Road trade and culture.
Rich Sufi traditions make it a city of living heritage.
5. Karaganda – The Industrial Heartland
Karaganda, once the center of Kazakhstan’s coal industry, has a history tied to Soviet times and labor camps. Today, it’s a city of memorials, museums, and a strong cultural identity.
Highlights:
KarLag Museum, documenting the history of Stalin-era labor camps.
Regional Central Mosque, an architectural landmark.
Statues and memorials, honoring miners and historical figures.
Nearby Saryarka Steppe, a UNESCO World Heritage natural reserve.
Theatres and cultural institutions, reflecting the city’s resilience.
6. Aktau – The Caspian Coast City
Situated on the Caspian Sea, Aktau is unique for its coastal charm in a landlocked country. Known for its beaches and proximity to desert landscapes, it offers a fascinating mix of relaxation and adventure.
Highlights:
Caspian Sea beaches are perfect for swimming and sunbathing.
Underground mosques, carved from rock in the Mangystau region.
Charyn Canyon, a few hours away, is often compared to the Grand Canyon.
Ethnographic museums showcase nomadic culture.
Seafood cuisine is a rarity in Central Asia.
7. Kostanay – The Agricultural Capital
Kostanay, in northern Kazakhstan, is famous for its fertile lands and agricultural heritage. It’s a peaceful city with parks, monuments, and proximity to natural reserves.
Highlights:
Victory Park, dedicated to World War II soldiers.
Central Mosque and Orthodox Cathedral, reflecting religious diversity.
Tobol River embankment, ideal for evening strolls.
Nearby Naurzum Nature Reserve, home to rare birds and wildlife.
Local museums, focusing on history and culture of the north.
8. Pavlodar – The River City
Pavlodar, located along the Irtysh River, is known for its industrial base but also offers cultural gems and scenic beauty.
Highlights:
Embankment along the Irtysh River, a favorite spot for locals.
Mashkhur Jusup Mosque, an architectural masterpiece.
Chekhov Drama Theatre, one of Kazakhstan’s oldest theatres.
Nearby Bayanaul National Park, with lakes, caves, and hiking trails.
Museums and galleries, showcasing art and history.
9. Taraz – The Ancient Silk Road City
Taraz is one of Kazakhstan’s oldest cities, with more than 2,000 years of history. It flourished as a Silk Road hub and still preserves its ancient charm.
Highlights:
Aisha Bibi Mausoleum, a symbol of love and medieval architecture.
Babaji-Khatun Mausoleum, a unique 11th-century structure.
Central Bazaar, echoing the Silk Road’s trading spirit.
Historic ruins and archaeological sites are scattered around the city.
Cultural festivals, celebrating ancient traditions.
10. Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk) – Gateway to the Altai
Oskemen, in eastern Kazakhstan, lies at the foot of the Altai Mountains and is surrounded by natural beauty. It’s a perfect base for outdoor enthusiasts.
Highlights:
Altai Mountains, offering trekking, skiing, and breathtaking views.
Zaysan Lake, one of Kazakhstan’s oldest lakes.
Regional museums, with exhibits on mining and local history.
Orthodox cathedrals and mosques highlight cultural harmony.
Riverside parks create a relaxed atmosphere.
Final Thoughts
Kazakhstan may not be the first country that comes to mind for travelers, but its cities reveal a world of surprises. Whether you’re a history buff, adventure seeker, or cultural explorer, these destinations offer a well-rounded experience of Central Asia’s largest nation.
Exploring the top 10 cities in Kazakhstan means uncovering hidden gems, learning about Silk Road legacies, and experiencing the warmth of Kazakh hospitality. As you journey across this vast country, you’ll discover that Kazakhstan isn’t just a destination—it’s an adventure that will inspire your wanderlust.
